Syria

source : World Fact Book 2008 (October 2008)

SEE UPDATED INFORMATION HERE

   Introduction    Syria
Background:
Definition Field Listing Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, France administered Syria until its independence in 1946. The country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the Socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawite sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah.
   Geography    Syria
Location:
Definition Field Listing Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing 35 00 N, 38 00 E
Map references:
Definition Field Listing Middle East
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 185,180 sq km
land: 184,050 sq km
water: 1,130 sq km
note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing slightly larger than North Dakota
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing total: 2,253 km
border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing 193 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
Climate:
Definition Field Listing mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m
highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower
Land use:
Definition Field Listing arable land: 24.8%
permanent crops: 4.47%
other: 70.73% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing 13,330 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Definition Field Listing 46.1 cu km (1997)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Definition Field Listing total: 19.95 cu km/yr (3%/2%/95%)
per capita: 1,048 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing dust storms, sandstorms
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 2005 est.)
   People    Syria
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 19,747,586
note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and about 20,000 Israeli settlers (July 2008 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing 0-14 years: 36.2% (male 3,679,473/female 3,467,096)
15-64 years: 60.5% (male 6,119,459/female 5,822,376)
65 years and over: 3.3% (male 310,838/female 348,344) (2008 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing total: 21.4 years
male: 21.3 years
female: 21.5 years (2008 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing 2.189% (2008 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 26.57 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4.68 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order NA (2008 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 26.78 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 27.04 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.52 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total population: 70.9 years
male: 69.53 years
female: 72.35 years (2008 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 3.21 children born/woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order fewer than 500 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order fewer than 200 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing noun: Syrian(s)
adjective: Syrian
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing Sunni Muslim 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)
Languages:
Definition Field Listing Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 79.6%
male: 86%
female: 73.6% (2004 census)
Education expenditures:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 3.9% of GDP (1999)
   Government    Syria
Country name:
Definition Field Listing conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic
conventional short form: Syria
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah
local short form: Suriyah
former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt)
Government type:
Definition Field Listing republic under an authoritarian military-dominated regime
Capital:
Definition Field Listing name: Damascus
geographic coordinates: 33 30 N, 36 18 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 30 September
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus
Independence:
Definition Field Listing 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing Independence Day, 17 April (1946)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing 13 March 1973
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing based on a combination of French and Ottoman civil law; Islamic law is used in the family court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing chief of state: President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 11 February 2006) oversees foreign policy; Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) oversees cultural policy
head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Naji al-UTRI (since 10 September 2003); Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Affairs Abdallah al-DARDARI (since 14 June 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
elections: president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers
election results: Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held on 22-23 April 2007 (next to be held in 2011)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NPF 172, independents 78
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing Supreme Judicial Council (appoints and dismisses judges; headed by the president); national level - Supreme Constitutional Court (adjudicates electoral disputes and rules on constitutionality of laws and decrees; justices appointed for four-year terms by the President); Court of Cassation; Appeals Courts (Appeals Courts represent an intermediate level between the Court of Cassation and local level courts); local level - Magistrate Courts; Courts of First Instance; Juvenile Courts; Customs Courts; specialized courts - Economic Security Courts (hear cases related to economic crimes); Supreme State Security Court (hear cases related to national security); Personal Status Courts (religious; hear cases related to marriage and divorce)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing legal parties: National Progressive Front or NPF [President Bashar al-ASAD, Dr. Suleiman QADDAH] (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD]; Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallah Nasr Al-DIN]; Syrian Arab Socialist Union or ASU [Safwan QUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yusuf Rashid FAYSAL]; Syrian Social Nationalist Party [Ali QANSU]; Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL])
opposition parties not legally recognized:: Arab Democratic Socialist Union Party [Hasan Abdul AZIM]; Arab Socialist Movement; Democratic Ba'th Party [Ibrahim MAHKOS]; People's Democratic Party [Riad al TURK]; Revolutionary Workers' Party [Abdul Hafeez al HAFEZ]
Kurdish parties (considered illegal): Kurdish Democratic Front [Abdul Hamid DARWISH] (includes four parties); Kurdish Coordination [Abdul Hakim BASHAR] (includes Azadi Party [Kheirudin MURAD], Future Party [Masha'l TAMMO], Yekity Party [Hasam SALE])
other parties: Nahda Party [Abdul Aziz al MISLET]; Syrian Democratic Party [Mustafa QALAAJI]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing Damascus Declaration National Council [Riyad SEIF, secretary general] (a broad alliance of opposition groups and individuals including: Committee for Revival of Civil Society [Michel KILO, Riyad SEIF], Communist Action Party [Fateh JAMOUS], Kurdish Democratic Alliance, Kurdish Democratic Front, Liberal Nationalists' Movement, National Democratic Front, National Democratic Rally, and Syrian Human Rights Society or HRAS [Fawed FAWUZ]); National Salvation Front (alliance between former Vice President Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, the SMB, and other small opposition groups); Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Sadr al-Din al-BAYANUNI] (operates in exile in London; endorsed the Damascus Declaration, but is not an official member)
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing chief of mission: Ambassador Imad MUSTAFA
chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313
FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Maura CONNELLY
embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus
mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus
telephone: [963] (11) 3391-4444
FAX: [963] (11) 3391-3999
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, colors associated with the Arab Liberation flag; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; former flag of the United Arab Republic where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; the current design dates to 1980
   Economy    Syria
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing The Syrian economy grew by an estimated 3.3% in real terms in 2007 led by the petroleum and agricultural sectors, which together account for about one-half of GDP. Higher crude oil prices countered declining oil production and led to higher budgetary and export receipts. Damascus has implemented modest economic reforms in the past few years, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating all of the multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, most notably gasoline and cement, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange - which is set to begin operations in 2009. In October 2007, for example, Damascus raised the price of subsidized gasoline by 20%, and may institute a rationing system in 2008. In addition, President ASAD signed legislative decrees to encourage corporate ownership reform, and to allow the Central Bank to issue Treasury bills and bonds for government debt. Nevertheless, the economy remains highly controlled by the government. Long-run economic constraints include declining oil production, high unemployment and inflation, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $90.37 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing $37.76 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4.3% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $4,700 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing agriculture: 24%
industry: 27.9%
services: 48.2% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 5.462 million (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing agriculture: 19.2%
industry: 14.5%
services: 66.3% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 9% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing 11.9% (2006 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 12.2% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 21.5% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing revenues: $8.393 billion
expenditures: $11.21 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 37.7% of GDP (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk
Industries:
Definition Field Listing petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, car assembly
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 2.5% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 34.94 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 34 billion kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing 986 million kWh (2006)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing 0 kWh (2007 est.)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 379,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 229,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 150,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 160,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 2.5 billion bbl (1 January 2007 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 7.8 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4.4 billion cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order NA cu m
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 cu m (2007 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 240 billion cu m (1 January 2007 est.)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $908 million (2007 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $11.14 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing Iraq 29.8%, Lebanon 9.9%, Germany 9.6%, Italy 8%, Egypt 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 5.2%, France 4.9% (2007)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $10.5 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing Saudi Arabia 12.1%, China 8.9%, Egypt 6.3%, Italy 6.1%, UAE 6%, Ukraine 4.9%, Germany 4.7%, Iran 4.4% (2007)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing $213 million (2008 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $6.046 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $6.633 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $NA
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing Syrian pound (SYP)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing Syrian pounds per US dollar - 50.0085 (2007), 51.689 (2006), 50 (2005), 48.5 (2004), 52.8 (2003)
note: data for 2004-06 are the public sector rate; data for 2002-03 are the parallel market rate in 'Amman and Beirut; the official rate for repaying loans was 11.25 Syrian pounds per US dollars during 2004-06,
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing calendar year
   Communications    Syria
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 3.452 million (2007)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 6.7 million (2007)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology
domestic: the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing rapidly and teledensity has reached 25 wireless telephones per 100 persons; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network
international: country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing 44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing .sy
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 119 (2007)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 3.47 million (2007)
   Transportation    Syria
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 90 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing total: 26
over 3,047 m: 6
2,438 to 3,047 m: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 2 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing total: 64
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 11
under 914 m: 52 (2007)
Heliports:
Definition Field Listing 7 (2007)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing gas 2,794 km; oil 2,000 km (2007)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 2,711 km
standard gauge: 2,460 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2006)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 94,890 km
paved: 19,073 km
unpaved: 75,817 km (2004)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 900 km (not economically significant) (2005)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 87 ships (1000 GRT or over) 329,579 GRT/475,102 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 6, cargo 74, carrier 4, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1
foreign-owned: 9 (Jordan 2, Lebanon 4, Romania 3)
registered in other countries: 170 (Barbados 1, Bolivia 2, Cambodia 33, Comoros 5, Cyprus 2, Dominica 2, Georgia 51, Hong Kong 1, Lebanon 2, Libya 2, Malta 5, Mongolia 1, North Korea 2, Panama 25, Sierra Leone 13, Slovakia 2, St Kitts and Nevis 6, St Vincent and the Grenadines 11, unknown 4) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing Latakia, Tartus
   Military    Syria
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing Syrian Armed Forces: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air and Air Defense Forces (includes Air Defense Command) (2008)
Military service age and obligation:
Definition Field Listing 18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months (18 months in the Syrian Arab Navy); women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve (2004)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing males age 16-49: 5,251,875
females age 16-49: 4,966,367 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing males age 16-49: 4,242,401
females age 16-49: 4,218,648 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Definition Field Listing male: 215,734
female: 203,106 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 5.9% of GDP (2005 est.)
   Transnational Issues    Syria
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shaba'a farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing refugees (country of origin): 1-1.4 million (Iraq); 522,100 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA))
IDPs: 305,000 (most displaced from Golan Heights during 1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)
Trafficking in persons:
Definition Field Listing current situation: Syria is a destination and transit country for women and children trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; a significant number of women and children in the large and expanding Iraqi refugee community in Syria are reportedly forced into commercial sexual exploitation by Iraqi gangs or, in some cases, their families; women from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Ethiopia, and Sierra Leone are recruited for work in Syria as domestic servants, but some face conditions of involuntary servitude, including long hours, non-payment of wages, withholding of passports, restrictions on movement, threats, and physical or sexual abuse
tier rating: Tier 3 - Syria again failed to report any law enforcement efforts to punish trafficking offenses in 2007; in addition, the government did not offer protection services to victims of trafficking and may have arrested, prosecuted, or deported some victims for prostitution or immigration violations; Syria has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering



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Source : CIA's World Fact Book 2008

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