Costa Rica

source : World Fact Book 2008 (October 2008)

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   Introduction    Costa Rica
Background:
Definition Field Listing Although explored by the Spanish early in the 16th century, initial attempts at colonizing Costa Rica proved unsuccessful due to a combination of factors, including: disease from mosquito-infested swamps, brutal heat, resistance by natives, and pirate raids. It was not until 1563 that a permanent settlement of Cartago was established in the cooler, fertile central highlands. The area remained a colony for some two and a half centuries. In 1821, Costa Rica became one of several Central American provinces that jointly declared their independence from Spain. Two years later it joined the United Provinces of Central America, but this federation disintegrated in 1838, at which time Costa Rica proclaimed its sovereignty and independence. Since the late 19th century, only two brief periods of violence have marred the country's democratic development. Although it still maintains a large agricultural sector, Costa Rica has expanded its economy to include strong technology and tourism industries. The standard of living is relatively high. Land ownership is widespread.
   Geography    Costa Rica
Location:
Definition Field Listing Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Nicaragua and Panama
Geographic coordinates:
Definition Field Listing 10 00 N, 84 00 W
Map references:
Definition Field Listing Central America and the Caribbean
Area:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 51,100 sq km
land: 50,660 sq km
water: 440 sq km
note: includes Isla del Coco
Area - comparative:
Definition Field Listing slightly smaller than West Virginia
Land boundaries:
Definition Field Listing total: 639 km
border countries: Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km
Coastline:
Definition Field Listing 1,290 km
Maritime claims:
Definition Field Listing territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm
Climate:
Definition Field Listing tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Terrain:
Definition Field Listing coastal plains separated by rugged mountains including over 100 volcanic cones, of which several are major volcanoes
Elevation extremes:
Definition Field Listing lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m
highest point: Cerro Chirripo 3,810 m
Natural resources:
Definition Field Listing hydropower
Land use:
Definition Field Listing arable land: 4.4%
permanent crops: 5.87%
other: 89.73% (2005)
Irrigated land:
Definition Field Listing 1,080 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
Definition Field Listing 112.4 cu km (2000)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
Definition Field Listing total: 2.68 cu km/yr (29%/17%/53%)
per capita: 619 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
Definition Field Listing occasional earthquakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast; frequent flooding of lowlands at onset of rainy season and landslides; active volcanoes
Environment - current issues:
Definition Field Listing deforestation and land use change, largely a result of the clearing of land for cattle ranching and agriculture; soil erosion; coastal marine pollution; fisheries protection; solid waste management; air pollution
Environment - international agreements:
Definition Field Listing party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Geography - note:
Definition Field Listing four volcanoes, two of them active, rise near the capital of San Jose in the center of the country; one of the volcanoes, Irazu, erupted destructively in 1963-65
   People    Costa Rica
Population:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4,195,914 (July 2008 est.)
Age structure:
Definition Field Listing 0-14 years: 27.2% (male 584,782/female 557,952)
15-64 years: 66.8% (male 1,416,456/female 1,384,692)
65 years and over: 6% (male 116,461/female 135,571) (2008 est.)
Median age:
Definition Field Listing total: 27.1 years
male: 26.7 years
female: 27.6 years (2008 est.)
Population growth rate:
Definition Field Listing 1.388% (2008 est.)
Birth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 17.71 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Death rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4.31 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Net migration rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
Sex ratio:
Definition Field Listing at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 9.01 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 9.92 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.05 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total population: 77.4 years
male: 74.79 years
female: 80.14 years (2008 est.)
Total fertility rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 2.17 children born/woman (2008 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0.6% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 12,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 900 (2003 est.)
Major infectious diseases:
Definition Field Listing degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea and hepatitis A
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (2008)
Nationality:
Definition Field Listing noun: Costa Rican(s)
adjective: Costa Rican
Ethnic groups:
Definition Field Listing white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%
Religions:
Definition Field Listing Roman Catholic 76.3%, Evangelical 13.7%, Jehovah's Witnesses 1.3%, other Protestant 0.7%, other 4.8%, none 3.2%
Languages:
Definition Field Listing Spanish (official), English
Literacy:
Definition Field Listing definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 94.9%
male: 94.7%
female: 95.1% (2000 census)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
Definition Field Listing total: 12 years
male: 12 years
female: 12 years (2005)
Education expenditures:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4.9% of GDP (2004)
   Government    Costa Rica
Country name:
Definition Field Listing conventional long form: Republic of Costa Rica
conventional short form: Costa Rica
local long form: Republica de Costa Rica
local short form: Costa Rica
Government type:
Definition Field Listing democratic republic
Capital:
Definition Field Listing name: San Jose
geographic coordinates: 9 56 N, 84 05 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
Definition Field Listing 7 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Alajuela, Cartago, Guanacaste, Heredia, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose
Independence:
Definition Field Listing 15 September 1821 (from Spain)
National holiday:
Definition Field Listing Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
Constitution:
Definition Field Listing 7 November 1949
Legal system:
Definition Field Listing based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
Definition Field Listing 18 years of age; universal and compulsory
Executive branch:
Definition Field Listing chief of state: President Oscar ARIAS Sanchez (since 8 May 2006); First Vice President Laura CHINCHILLA (since 8 May 2006); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Oscar ARIAS Sanchez (since 8 May 2006); First Vice President Laura CHINCHILLA (since 8 May 2006); Second Vice President (vacant)
cabinet: Cabinet selected by the president
elections: president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a single four-year term; election last held 5 February 2006 (next to be held in February 2010)
election results: Oscar ARIAS Sanchez elected president; percent of vote - Oscar ARIAS Sanchez (PLN) 40.9%; Otton SOLIS (PAC) 39.8%, Otto GUEVARA Guth (PML) 8%, Ricardo TOLEDO (PUSC) 3%
Legislative branch:
Definition Field Listing unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 5 February 2006 (next to be held in February 2010)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PLN 25, PAC 17, PML 6, PUSC 5, PASE 1, PFA 1, PRN 1, PUN 1
Judicial branch:
Definition Field Listing Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for renewable eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)
Political parties and leaders:
Definition Field Listing Authentic Member from Heredia [Jose SALAS]; Citizen Action Party or PAC [Epsy CAMPBELL Barr]; Costa Rican Renovation Party or PRC [Gerardo Justo OROZCO Alvarez]; Democratic Force Party or PFD [Marco NUNEZ Gonzalez]; General Union Party or PUGEN [Carlos Alberto FERNANDEZ Vega]; Homeland First or PP [Juan Jose VARGAS Fallas]; Independent Worker Party or PIO [Jose Alberto CUBERO Carmona]; Libertarian Movement Party or PML [Otto GUEVARA Guth]; National Christian Alliance Party or ANC [Juan Carlos CHAVEZ Mora]; National Integration Party or PIN [Walter MUNOZ Cespedes]; National Liberation Party or PLN [Francisco Antonio PACHECO Fernandez]; National Patriotic Party or PPN [Daniel Enrique REYNOLDS Vargas]; National Restoration Party or PRN [Fabio Enrique DELGADO Hernandez]; National Union Party or PUN [Arturo ACOSTA Mora]; Nationalist Democratic Alliance or ADN [Jose Miguel VILLALOBOS Umana]; Patriotic Union or UP [Jose Miguel CORRALES Bolanos]; Social Christian Unity Party or PUSC [Luis FISHMAN Zonzinski]; Union for Change Party or UPC [Antonio ALVAREZ Desanti]; United Leftist Coalition or IU [Humberto VARGAS Carbonel]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Definition Field Listing Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Costa Rican Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO; Costa Rican Solidarity Movement; Costa Rican Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP [Rafael CARRILLO]; Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National Association for Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of Educators or ANDE; National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP [Albino VARGAS]; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert BROWN]
International organization participation:
Definition Field Listing BCIE, CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
Definition Field Listing chief of mission: Ambassador Tomas DUENAS
chancery: 2114 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 234-2945
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4795
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Juan (Puerto Rico), Tampa (temporarily closed), Washington, DC
consulate(s): San Francisco
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Definition Field Listing chief of mission: Ambassador Mark LANGDALE
embassy: Calle 120 Avenida O, Pavas, San Jose
mailing address: APO AA 34020
telephone: [506] 519-2000
FAX: [506] 519-2305
Flag description:
Definition Field Listing five horizontal bands of blue (top), white, red (double width), white, and blue, with the coat of arms in a white elliptical disk on the hoist side of the red band; above the coat of arms a light blue ribbon contains the words, AMERICA CENTRAL, and just below it near the top of the coat of arms is a white ribbon with the words, REPUBLICA COSTA RICA
   Economy    Costa Rica
Economy - overview:
Definition Field Listing Costa Rica's basically stable economy depends on tourism, agriculture, and electronics exports. Poverty has remained around 20% for nearly 20 years, and the strong social safety net that had been put into place by the government has eroded due to increased financial constraints on government expenditures. Immigration from Nicaragua has increasingly become a concern for the government. The estimated 300,000-500,000 Nicaraguans estimated to be in Costa Rica legally and illegally are an important source of (mostly unskilled) labor, but also place heavy demands on the social welfare system. Foreign investors remain attracted by the country's political stability and high education levels, as well as the fiscal incentives offered in the free-trade zones. Exports have become more diversified in the past 10 years due to the growth of the high-tech manufacturing sector, which is dominated by the microprocessor industry. Tourism continues to bring in foreign exchange, as Costa Rica's impressive biodiversity makes it a key destination for ecotourism. The government continues to grapple with its large internal and external deficits and sizable internal debt. Reducing inflation remains a difficult problem because of rising import prices, labor market rigidities, and fiscal deficits. Tax and public expenditure reforms will be necessary to close the budget gap. In October 2007, a national referendum voted in favor of the US-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA).
GDP (purchasing power parity):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $45.77 billion (2007 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate):
Definition Field Listing $26.24 billion (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 6.8% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $11,100 (2007 est.)
GDP - composition by sector:
Definition Field Listing agriculture: 8.6%
industry: 29.4%
services: 62.1% (2007 est.)
Labor force:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 1.92 million
note: this official estimate excludes Nicaraguans living in Costa Rica (2007 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
Definition Field Listing agriculture: 14%
industry: 22%
services: 64% (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 4.6% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
Definition Field Listing 16% (2006 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
Definition Field Listing lowest 10%: 1%
highest 10%: 37.4% (2003)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
Definition Field Listing 49.8 (2003)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 9.4% (2007 est.)
Investment (gross fixed):
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 21.6% of GDP (2007 est.)
Budget:
Definition Field Listing revenues: $3.976 billion
expenditures: $3.808 billion (2007 est.)
Public debt:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 46.6% of GDP (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products:
Definition Field Listing bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar, corn, rice, beans, potatoes; beef; timber
Industries:
Definition Field Listing microprocessors, food processing, medical equipment, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products
Industrial production growth rate:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 7.3% (2007 est.)
Electricity - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 8.349 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 7.776 billion kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports:
Definition Field Listing 70 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports:
Definition Field Listing 81 million kWh (2005)
Oil - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 43,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Oil - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 2,998 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 43,640 bbl/day (2004)
Oil - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
Natural gas - production:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 cu m (2005 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 cu m (2005)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0 cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
Current account balance:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order -$1.499 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $9.268 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing bananas, pineapples, coffee, melons, ornamental plants, sugar; seafood; electronic components, medical equipment
Exports - partners:
Definition Field Listing US 24.9%, China 13.7%, Netherlands 10.6%, Mexico 6.4%, UK 6.1% (2007)
Imports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $12.26 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Definition Field Listing raw materials, consumer goods, capital equipment, petroleum, construction materials
Imports - partners:
Definition Field Listing US 40.2%, Mexico 5.7%, Venezuela 5.6%, Japan 5.3%, China 5%, Brazil 4.7% (2007)
Economic aid - recipient:
Definition Field Listing $29.51 million (2005)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $4.114 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $7.416 billion (30 June 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $8.53 billion (2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $490 million (2007 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order $1.478 billion (2005)
Currency (code):
Definition Field Listing Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Exchange rates:
Definition Field Listing Costa Rican colones per US dollar - 519.53 (2007), 511.3 (2006), 477.79 (2005), 437.91 (2004), 398.66 (2003)
Fiscal year:
Definition Field Listing calendar year
   Communications    Costa Rica
Telephones - main lines in use:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 1.437 million (2007)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 1.503 million (2007)
Telephone system:
Definition Field Listing general assessment: good domestic telephone service in terms of breadth of coverage; restricted cellular telephone service; state-run monopoly provider is struggling with the demand for new lines, resulting in long waiting times
domestic: point-to-point and point-to-multi-point microwave, fiber-optic, and coaxial cable link rural areas; Internet service is available
international: country code - 506; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) fiber-optic telecommunications submarine cable and the MAYA-1 submarine cable that provide links to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2007)
Radio broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing AM 65, FM 51, shortwave 19 (2002)
Television broadcast stations:
Definition Field Listing 20 (plus 43 repeaters) (2002)
Internet country code:
Definition Field Listing .cr
Internet hosts:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 13,792 (2007)
Internet users:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 1.5 million (2007)
   Transportation    Costa Rica
Airports:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 151 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways:
Definition Field Listing total: 36
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 21
under 914 m: 11 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
Definition Field Listing total: 115
914 to 1,523 m: 19
under 914 m: 96 (2007)
Pipelines:
Definition Field Listing refined products 242 km (2007)
Railways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 278 km
narrow gauge: 278 km 1.067-m gauge
note: none of the railway network is in use (2007)
Roadways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 35,330 km
paved: 8,621 km
unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)
Waterways:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 730 km (seasonally navigable by small craft) (2007)
Merchant marine:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order total: 1 ship (1000 GRT or over) 1,058 GRT/255 DWT
by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Definition Field Listing Caldera, Puerto Limon
   Military    Costa Rica
Military branches:
Definition Field Listing no regular military forces; Ministry of Public Security, Government, and Police (2008)
Manpower available for military service:
Definition Field Listing males age 16-49: 1,134,205
females age 16-49: 1,095,763 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
Definition Field Listing males age 16-49: 958,013
females age 16-49: 925,727 (2008 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
Definition Field Listing male: 40,767
female: 38,899 (2008 est.)
Military expenditures:
Definition Field Listing Rank Order 0.4% of GDP (2006)
   Transnational Issues    Costa Rica
Disputes - international:
Definition Field Listing the ICJ has given Costa Rica until January 2008 to reply and Nicaragua until July 2008 to rejoin before rendering its decision on the navigation, security, and commercial rights of Costa Rican vessels on the R¡o San Juan over which Nicaragua retains sovereignty
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
Definition Field Listing refugees (country of origin): 9,699-11,500 (Colombia) (2007)
Trafficking in persons:
Definition Field Listing current situation: Costa Rica is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for the purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor; women and girls from neighboring states, Russia, Uzbekistan, and the Philippines are trafficked into the country for sexual exploitation; Costa Rica also serves as a transit point for victims trafficked to North America and Europe; the government identifies child sex tourism as a serious problem; men, women, and children are also trafficked within the country for forced labor in fishing and construction, and as domestic servants
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Costa Rica is on the Tier 2 Watch List for its failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat human trafficking, particularly in terms of its failure to improve its inadequate assistance to victims; while Costa Rican officials recognize human trafficking as a serious problem, the lack of a stronger response by the government is of concern (2008)
Illicit drugs:
Definition Field Listing transshipment country for cocaine and heroin from South America; illicit production of cannabis in remote areas; domestic cocaine consumption, particularly crack cocaine, is rising; significant consumption of amphetamines



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Source : CIA's World Fact Book 2008

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